Deduplication tracking for accurate lifespan prediction

ABSTRACT

Various embodiments for predicting hardware lifespan by a processor device are provided. For a solid state drive (SSD) device configured with data deduplication mechanisms, trend information is obtained by comparing a write tracking table to a de-duplicated cell tracking table to determine how many new cells were allocated on the SSD device over a particular time period. The trend information is applied to at least one drive constant data to predict the useful remaining lifespan of the SSD drive device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/603,706, filed Jan. 23, 2015, the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates in general computing systems, and moreparticularly to, various embodiments for estimating hardware lifespan incomputing environments.

2. Description of the Related Art

Today with modern technology, large volumes of data are storable on diskdrives; these drives can exist as a solo entity, or as part of a broadermake up within a larger storage environment. Often times when writing toeven the smallest environment, single drives, duplicate data is written.These duplicated contents can then be DE-duplicated using standarddeduplication techniques so long as specific metrics are met. Inaddition, Solid State Drive (SSD) technology has recently taken asubstantial foothold in the realm of modern day storage.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Various deduplication techniques may be used to deduplicate files. Forexample, the file may be analyzed against an additional file todetermine if the file has the same size, name, and contents whenanalyzed at the block-by-block level. Deduplication technology allows,at a high level, the elimination of duplicate information in storageenvironments, such that the storage held by the duplicate information isthen released, opening up potentially significant amounts of additionalstorage space in the computing storage environment. While deduplicationhas increased storage capacity, SSD technology has increased storageperformance, as latencies are reduced and storage operations such aswrites and reads take shorter amounts of time to complete.

While SSD technology generally allows for faster, smaller, quieter, andmore durable devices, inherent within the SSD technology lies thechallenge of longevity; SSD devices essentially will wear out with useover time. This challenge with SSD devices means that each cell in aflash memory bank has a limited number of times that the bank may bewritten to and erased. Accordingly, if a SSD is deployed to a high-writeinput/output (I/O) environment (such as a large shared storage areanetwork (SAN)), the drive will, over time, begin to wear out, and insome cases, wear out quickly.

In addition, each progressive advancement in SSD/NAND flash technologyhas served to reduce the number of write cycles the cells can endure.Data deduplication can be employed in an environment such as SSD inorder to effectively limit the amount of writes the SSD actuallyreceives. However, when deduplication methodologies are used, thewrite-count or lifespan of the particular drive may come into question,as it becomes more difficult to accurately estimate exactly whatphysical operations have taken place on the drive. For example,questions may arise such as, “Did this drive receive 100% of its allowedwrites, and should a replacement be prepared, or did the drive receive20% of its allowed writes because technically the actual storageenvironment implements data deduplication at a 5 to 1 ratio?”

With the advancements in NAND flash technology, data deduplicationbecomes increasingly important to be conjunctively used; however newlevels of uncertainty are introduced, as traditional methods of trackingSSD utilization become more obscured. This level of increasinguncertainty makes planning for future expenses and administering, forexample, a large data center with hundreds or thousands of devices, amore difficult endeavor. Accordingly, a need exists for an accurate wayto ascertain hardware lifespan in cases where deduplicationfunctionality is implemented.

Accordingly, various embodiments for predicting hardware lifespan by aprocessor device are provided. For a solid state drive (SSD) deviceconfigured with data deduplication mechanisms, trend information isobtained by comparing a write tracking table to a de-duplicated celltracking table to determine how many new cells were allocated on the SSDdevice over a particular time period. The trend information is appliedto at least one drive constant data to predict the useful remaininglifespan of the SSD drive device.

Other system and computer program product embodiments are provided andsupply related advantages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order that the advantages of the invention will be readilyunderstood, a more particular description of the invention brieflydescribed above will be rendered by reference to specific embodimentsthat are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that thesedrawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are nottherefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the inventionwill be described and explained with additional specificity and detailthrough the use of the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an exemplary block diagram showing a hardware structure forperforming data deduplication and hardware lifespan predictionfunctionality, in which aspects of the present invention may berealized;

FIG. 2 is an exemplary block diagram showing a hardware structure of adata storage system in a computer system according to the presentinvention in which aspects of the present invention may be realized;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart diagram illustrating an exemplary method forpredicting hardware lifespan, again in which aspects of the presentinvention may be realized; and

FIG. 4 is an additional flow chart diagram illustrating an additionalexemplary method for predicting lifespan, again in which aspects of thepresent invention may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

As previously mentioned, while attendant benefits result from theimplementation of SSD devices in various storage environments,particularly when coupled with deduplication technology, such as fasterstorage operations, smaller footprint, quieter operation, greateroverall bandwidth and higher storage capacity, among other benefits,there remains the challenge of accurately estimating lifespan for SSDhardware due to the physical effects that deduplication functionalityhas on the hardware by reducing the overall storage operations performedto the device.

Because deduplication functionality may vary in direct proportion to theactual underlying data undergoing deduplication, the physical processesresulting on a device implemented with deduplication functionality mayalso vary. Furthermore, some kinds of data are highly deduplicative innature, while others are not, as one of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate. Each of these factors, along with the physical constraintsof the devices themselves as well as other factors attendant to theparticular storage environment, varies the lifespan of a particulardevice.

To address these issues, among other challenges, the mechanisms of theillustrated embodiments, among other functionality, define and utilizekey algorithms that allow for SSD devices, when implemented with datadeduplication mechanisms, to have not only the device's total writesto-date still accounted for, but the device's total life span to beestimated with a high degree of certainty.

When data is deduplicated, a large portion of the typical writes to theparticular SSD device would not be occurring. Instead, a pointer isinserted in place of what would be the rewritten data, directing toanother storage location where the same data is physically stored. Thischange from physical data to a pointer is able to be taken into accountin conjunction with the average use of the device to, according to themechanisms of the illustrated embodiments, predict a realistic lifespanexpectancy for the device.

Consider the following example. In a particular device implemented withcertain deduplication functionality, a steady state deduplication ratioof 5 to 1 is reached. In this case, once the steady state is reached, ifthe user is achieving a deduplication ratio of 5 to 1, the drive iswriting a fifth as much of the write operations physically to the driveas the Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) is currently anticipating. Tocompensate, the mechanisms of the illustrated embodiments introducemethodologies which, among other features, serve to account for thisdeduplication on the disk, and adjust lifespan predictions accordingly.

As will be further described, the mechanisms of the illustratedembodiments implement various methodologies in order to accuratelypredict the lifespan of a deduplication-enhanced SSD device. Firstly,these mechanisms incorporate the use of a write cycle tracking table. Inone embodiment, the write cycle tracking table may be implemented on aper-cell basis, such that the write cycles of every cell (e.g., 4 KB) isaccounted for on an accurate basis. Next, for each allocated unit in thetracking table, such as an additional cell, the tracking table isincreased accordingly. Additionally, for each unit (again, e.g., cell)included in the table, a corresponding time stamp is included.

The mechanisms of the illustrated embodiments also implement adeduplicated tracking table. Again, in one embodiment, the deduplicatedtracking table may be implemented on a per-cell basis, such that thededuplicative activities of every cell are accounted for on an accuratebasis. The deduplicated tracking table functions to store how many timesdeduplicated data is associated with, or identified to, a specific unitof the table (i.e., cell). In this manner, the deduplicated trackingtable tracks the frequency of deduplicated write operations to thedevice on the per-unit basis.

For each deduplicated entry to the tracking table, a corresponding timestamp may be included. Furthermore, a spike detection for unusual writepatterns (resulting from both highly deduplicable and non deduplicabledata) may be logically included.

In a further embodiment, a salvaged cell tracking operation may be used,incorporating a counter system, to track every deduplicated unit write(here again, e.g., cell). In a still further embodiment, historicalpredictions of drive lifespan may be retained by the system and comparedwith current predictive information as will be further described. In oneembodiment, this historical prediction retention functionality may vary.The predictive activity may be that information obtained hourly, andretained for the last 30 days, for example, and that informationobtained daily and retained for the life of the device. In addition,other statistical information such as the number of hours that thedevice has been powered on may be retained for analysis.

In addition to the tracking tables for both actual and prevented writes(corresponding to active and deduplicated activity, respectively), otherdata such as necessary drive constants, which describe the physicalcharacteristics of the device itself, as well as possibly the physicalcharacteristics of the environment that the drive may find itself in,may be retained. Some exemplary drive constants may includemanufacturer-provided cell endurance ratings, or a total overprovisionamount of a particular drive.

Using various aspects previously described, the mechanisms of theillustrated embodiments carry an ability to accurately predict not onlya total amount of writes remaining at all times, even with deduplicationfunctionality active, but how long the particular drive will last intime standard based data analytics of actual use. By factoring in driveconstants information, for example, it is possible to ascertain how manydrive-writes the manufacturer has guaranteed from the beginning. Theactual drive writes table may be compared with the prevented drivewrites table to gain a clear picture on how many actual new drive units(e.g., cells) are being allocated on a particular drive at any giventime.

Utilizing the information gained from comparing the various trackingtables, a trend may emerge that may now be applied to the driveconstants information (along with other information, potentially) todetermine the reasonable remaining lifespan of the drive. In addition,past predictive information may be compared against each other, and uponI/O activity in order to help plan for future activity. Additionalcapacity for wear leveling may also be determined to an accurate extentby way of salvage cell tracking.

The mechanisms of the illustrated embodiments may either be used byoperating system level monitoring software, or may be built into thefirmware of the device itself. These mechanisms, if applied within thedevice, also may allow for lifespan information and other usefulcounters via SMART data that may then be applied in multiple differentenvironments, including in data center level storage devices.

Turning now to FIG. 1, exemplary architecture 10 of a computing systemenvironment is depicted. Architecture 10 may, in one embodiment, beimplemented at least as part of a system for effecting mechanisms of thepresent invention. The computer system 10 includes central processingunit (CPU) 12, which is connected to communication port 18 and memorydevice 16. The communication port 18 is in communication with acommunication network 20. The communication network 20 and storagenetwork may be configured to be in communication with server (hosts) 24and storage systems, which may include storage devices 14. The storagesystems may include hard disk drive (HDD) devices, solid-state devices(SSD) etc., which may be configured in a redundant array of independentdisks (RAID). The operations as described below may be executed onstorage device(s) 14, located in system 10 or elsewhere and may havemultiple memory devices 16 working independently and/or in conjunctionwith other CPU devices 12. Memory device 16 may include such memory aselectrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) or a hostof related devices. Memory device 16 and storage devices 14 areconnected to CPU 12 via a signal-bearing medium. In addition, CPU 12 isconnected through communication port 18 to a communication network 20,having an attached plurality of additional computer host systems 24. Inaddition, memory device 16 and the CPU 12 may be embedded and includedin each component of the computing system 10. Each storage system mayalso include separate and/or distinct memory devices 16 and CPU 12 thatwork in conjunction or as a separate memory device 16 and/or CPU 12.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary block diagram 200 showing a hardware structure ofa data storage and deduplication system that may be used in the overallcontext of performing video deduplication functionality. Host computers210, 220, 225, are shown, each acting as a central processing unit forperforming data processing as part of a data storage system 200. Thecluster hosts/nodes (physical or virtual devices), 210, 220, and 225 maybe one or more new physical devices or logical devices to accomplish thepurposes of the present invention in the data storage system 200. In oneembodiment, by way of example only, a data storage system 200 may beimplemented as IBM® ProtecTIER® deduplication system TS7650G™, althoughone of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a variety ofdeduplication hardware and software, separately or in combination, maybe utilized to implement the video deduplication functionality accordingto aspects of the illustrated embodiments. Moreover, it should be notedthat particular deduplication system hardware and software may be usefulin one embodiment, and thereby selected by one of ordinary skill in theart, where the recognition of two video streams having individual(differing) encoding codecs as the same video is desired.

A Network connection 260 may be a fibre channel fabric, a fibre channelpoint to point link, a fibre channel over ethernet fabric or point topoint link, a FICON or ESCON I/O interface, any other I/O interfacetype, a wireless network, a wired network, a LAN, a WAN, heterogeneous,homogeneous, public (i.e. the Internet), private, or any combinationthereof. The hosts, 210, 220, and 225 may be local or distributed amongone or more locations and may be equipped with any type of fabric (orfabric channel) (not shown in FIG. 2) or network adapter 260 to thestorage controller 240, such as Fibre channel, FICON, ESCON, Ethernet,fiber optic, wireless, or coaxial adapters. Data storage system 200 isaccordingly equipped with a suitable fabric (not shown in FIG. 2) ornetwork adaptor 260 to communicate. Data storage system 200 is depictedin FIG. 2 comprising storage controllers 240 and cluster hosts 210, 220,and 225. The cluster hosts 210, 220, and 225 may include cluster nodes.

To facilitate a clearer understanding of the methods described herein,storage controller 240 is shown in FIG. 2 as a single processing unit,including a microprocessor 242, system memory 243 and nonvolatilestorage (“NVS”) 216. It is noted that in some embodiments, storagecontroller 240 is comprised of multiple processing units, each withtheir own processor complex and system memory, and interconnected by adedicated network within data storage system 200. Storage 230 (labeledas 230 a, 230 b, and 230 n herein) may be comprised of one or morestorage devices, such as storage arrays, which are connected to storagecontroller 240 (by a storage network) with one or more cluster hosts210, 220, and 225 connected to each storage controller 240 throughnetwork 260.

In some embodiments, the devices included in storage 230 may beconnected in a loop architecture. Storage controller 240 manages storage230 and facilitates the processing of write and read requests intendedfor storage 230. The system memory 243 of storage controller 240 storesprogram instructions and data, which the processor 242 may access forexecuting functions and method steps of the present invention forexecuting and managing storage 230 as described herein. In oneembodiment, system memory 243 includes, is in association with, or is incommunication with the operation software 250 for performing methods andoperations described herein. As shown in FIG. 2, system memory 243 mayalso include or be in communication with a cache 245 for storage 230,also referred to herein as a “cache memory”, for buffering “write data”and “read data”, which respectively refer to write/read requests andtheir associated data. In one embodiment, cache 245 is allocated in adevice external to system memory 243, yet remains accessible bymicroprocessor 242 and may serve to provide additional security againstdata loss, in addition to carrying out the operations as described inherein.

In some embodiments, cache 245 is implemented with a volatile memory andnonvolatile memory and coupled to microprocessor 242 via a local bus(not shown in FIG. 2) for enhanced performance of data storage system200. The NVS 216 included in data storage controller is accessible bymicroprocessor 242 and serves to provide additional support foroperations and execution of the present invention as described in otherfigures. The NVS 216, may also referred to as a “persistent” cache, or“cache memory” and is implemented with nonvolatile memory that may ormay not utilize external power to retain data stored therein. The NVSmay be stored in and with the cache 245 for any purposes suited toaccomplish the objectives of the present invention. In some embodiments,a backup power source (not shown in FIG. 2), such as a battery, suppliesNVS 216 with sufficient power to retain the data stored therein in caseof power loss to data storage system 200. In certain embodiments, thecapacity of NVS 216 is less than or equal to the total capacity of cache245.

Storage 230 may be physically comprised of one or more storage devices,such as storage arrays. A storage array is a logical grouping ofindividual storage devices, such as a hard disk. In certain embodiments,storage 230 is comprised of a JBOD (Just a Bunch of Disks) array or aRAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) array. A collection ofphysical storage arrays may be further combined to form a rank, whichdissociates the physical storage from the logical configuration. Thestorage space in a rank may be allocated into logical volumes, whichdefine the storage location specified in a write/read request.

In one embodiment, by way of example only, the storage system as shownin FIG. 2 may include a logical volume, or simply “volume,” may havedifferent kinds of allocations. Storage 230 a, 230 b and 230 n are shownas ranks in data storage system 200, and are referred to herein as rank230 a, 230 b and 230 n. Ranks may be local to data storage system 200,or may be located at a physically remote location. In other words, alocal storage controller may connect with a remote storage controllerand manage storage at the remote location. Rank 230 a is shownconfigured with two entire volumes, 234 and 236, as well as one partialvolume 232 a. Rank 230 b is shown with another partial volume 232 b.Thus volume 232 is allocated across ranks 230 a and 230 b. Rank 230 n isshown as being fully allocated to volume 238—that is, rank 230 n refersto the entire physical storage for volume 238. From the above examples,it will be appreciated that a rank may be configured to include one ormore partial and/or entire volumes. Volumes and ranks may further bedivided into so-called “tracks,” which represent a fixed block ofstorage. A track is therefore associated with a given volume and may begiven a given rank.

The storage controller 240 may include a write cycle cell-tracking table255, a salvaged cell-tracking module 258, an analytics module 259, adeduplicated cell-tracking table 260, and a lifespan tracking module270. As shown, the write cycle cell-tracking table 255 may includeentries 262 and 264. Similarly, the deduplicated cell-tracking table 260may include entries 266 and 268 as shown.

The write cycle cell-tracking table 255, salvaged cell tracking module258, analytics module 259, deduplicated cell-tracking table 260, andlifespan tracking module 270 may operate in conjunction with each andevery component of the storage controller 240, the hosts 210, 220, 225,and storage devices 230. The write cycle cell-tracking table 255,salvaged cell tracking module 258, analytics module 259, deduplicatedcell-tracking table 260, and lifespan tracking module 270 may bestructurally or logically one complete module or may be associatedand/or included with other individual modules. The write cyclecell-tracking table 255, salvaged cell-tracking module 258, analyticsmodule 259, deduplicated cell-tracking table 260, and lifespan trackingmodule 270 may also be located in the cache 245 or other components.

The write cycle tracking table 255, salvaged cell tracking module 258,analytics module 259, deduplicated cell-tracking table 260, and lifespantracking module 270 may individually and/or collectively perform variousaspects of the present invention as will be further described. Forexample, the write-cycle tracking table 255 may perform various tasksrelating to maintaining and tracking entries 262 and 264 of particulardrive(s) in the table 255 as previously described. The deduplicatedcell-tracking table 260 may work in a similar manner as the write cyclecell-tracking table 255 by maintaining deduplicated entries 266 and 268,thereby tracking prevented writes, again as previously described. Theanalytics module 259 may apply analytics to identify trends andcorrelate diagnostic, statistical, environmental, historical, and otherinformation pertaining to a particular drive or the drive's environmentto generate predictive information about the instant drive. The salvagedcell tracking module 258 may implement a salvaged cell-trackingoperation as previously described. Finally, the lifespan tracking module270 may implement various functionality such as retention of historicalprediction information pertaining to particular drives, or a totalnumber of hours powered on, for example.

The storage controller 240 includes a control switch 241 for controllingthe fiber channel protocol to the host computers 210, 220, 225, amicroprocessor 242 for controlling all the storage controller 240, anonvolatile control memory 243 for storing a microprogram (operationsoftware) 250 for controlling the operation of storage controller 240,data for control, cache 245 for temporarily storing (buffering) data,and buffers 244 for assisting the cache 245 to read and write data, acontrol switch 241 for controlling a protocol to control data transferto or from the storage devices 230, the data duplication module 255, thebase-block generation module 257, the audio waveform module 258, and thesimilarity search module 259, in which information may be set. Multiplebuffers 244 may be implemented with the present invention to assist withthe operations as described herein. In one embodiment, the clusterhosts/nodes, 210, 220, 225 and the storage controller 240 are connectedthrough a network adaptor (this could be a fibre channel) 260 as aninterface i.e., via at least one switch called “fabric.”

Turning now to FIG. 3, a flow chart diagram, illustrating an exemplarymethod 300 for generating lifespan predictive information for hardwarein a computing environment, is depicted. Method 300 begins (step 302).For one or more SSD's configured with data deduplication mechanisms, auseful remaining lifespan is estimated by examining actual drive writeoperations (made possible by examining the write cell-tracking table) inview of prevented drive write operations (made similarly possible byexamining the deduplicated cell-tracking table) (step 304). Followingthe estimation of useful remaining lifespan, the method 300 obtainstrend information to be applied to drive constant data to accuratelypredict a useful remaining lifespan of the SSD drive device (step 306).The method 300 then ends (step 306).

FIG. 4, following, is an additional flow chart diagram depicting anexemplary method 400 for predicting useful remaining lifespan of varioushardware in computing environments, here again in accordance withvarious aspects of the illustrated embodiments. In the depictedembodiment, the method 400 is said to apply to individual cell unitswithin a particular SSD, while one of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that the method 400 may be tailored for other units ofstorage as found in SSD devices and/or other hardware.

Method 400 begins (step 402) with the implementation of the SSD unit(e.g., cell) tracking table for accounting for write cycles of everyunit in the SSD device (step 404). As a following step, the method 400increases the size of the write cycle cell-tracking table, for eachallocated additional cell (step 406). Next, for each cell included inthe tracking table, a corresponding time stamp is implemented. (step408).

In step 410, following, a per-cell write cycle-tracking information isobtained. A deduplicated cell-tracking table is then implemented, whichstores a number of time deduplicated data is identified to a specificcell in the SSD device (step 412). The frequency of deduplicated writeoperations measured at the drive is then saved to be tracked (step 414).For each cell included in the tracking table, a corresponding time stampis then implemented (step 416).

Moving to step 418, for unusual write patterns, such as spikes, thewrite patterns are detected and recorded (both highly and non-highlydeduplicable data scenarios again as previously described). Deduplicatedcell tracking information is then obtained (step 420). The currentactual writes are then examined against prevented writes (step 422) aspreviously described. Any previous predictive history is also examined,and potentially in view of the examination of the actual vs.preventative writes as previously described (step 424). Finally, all ofthe obtained information is analyzed in view of necessary driveconstants to obtain current predictive information (step 426). Themethod 400 then ends (step 428).

The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computerprogram product. The computer program product may include a computerreadable storage medium (or media) having computer readable programinstructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of thepresent invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The computerreadable program instructions may execute entirely on the user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), orprogrammable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

1. A method for predicting hardware lifespan by a processor device,comprising: for a solid state drive (SSD) device configured with datadeduplication mechanisms, performing: obtaining trend information bycomparing a write tracking table to a de-duplicated cell tracking tableto determine how many new cells were allocated on the SSD device over aparticular time period; and applying the trend information to at leastone drive constant data to predict the useful remaining lifespan of theSSD drive device.
 2. The method of claim 1, further including:implementing the write tracking table, the write tracking table trackinga number of write cycles of every cell in the SSD device; implementingthe de-duplicated cell tracking table, the de-duplicated cell trackingtable storing a number of times de-duplicated data is identified to eachspecific cell in the SSD device; and examining a prediction of theuseful remaining lifespan of the SSD drive device obtained at a previoustime.
 3. The method of claim 2, further including comparing the previousprediction of the useful remaining lifespan of the SSD drive deviceagainst a current prediction of the SSD drive device.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, further including predicting additional capacity for wearleveling of the SSD drive device using a salvage cell trackingoperation.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein implementing the writetracking table includes performing at least one of: for each allocatedadditional cell, increasing a size of the write tracking table, and foreach cell included in the write tracking table, implementing acorresponding time stamp.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein implementingthe de-duplicated cell tracking table includes performing at least oneof: tracking a frequency of de-duplicated write operations, for eachde-duplicated entry to the de-duplicated cell tracking table,implementing a corresponding time stamp, and for an unusual writepattern, detecting spikes for data ascertained as highly de-duplicableand data ascertained as highly non de-duplicable.
 7. The method of claim4, further including, pursuant to using the salvage cell trackingoperation, implementing a counter system used to track everyde-duplicated cell write in the SSD device.
 8. A system for predictinghardware lifespan, comprising: a processor that, for a solid state drive(SSD) device configured with data deduplication mechanisms, performs:obtains trend information by comparing a write tracking table to ade-duplicated cell tracking table to determine how many new cells wereallocated on the SSD device over a particular time period; and appliesthe trend information to at least one drive constant data to predict theuseful remaining lifespan of the SSD drive device.
 9. The system ofclaim 8, wherein the processor: implements the write tracking table, thewrite tracking table tracking a number of write cycles of every cell inthe SSD device, implements the de-duplicated cell tracking table, thede-duplicated cell tracking table storing a number of timesde-duplicated data is identified to each specific cell in the SSDdevice, and examines a prediction of the useful remaining lifespan ofthe SSD drive device obtained at a previous time.
 10. The system ofclaim 9, wherein the processor compares the previous prediction of theuseful remaining lifespan of the SSD drive device against a currentprediction of the SSD drive device.
 11. The system of claim 8, whereinthe processor predicts additional capacity for wear leveling of the SSDdrive device using a salvage cell tracking operation.
 12. The system ofclaim 9, wherein the processor implements the write tracking table byperforming at least one of: for each allocated additional cell,increasing a size of the write tracking table, and for each cellincluded in the write tracking table, implementing a corresponding timestamp.
 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the processor implements thede-duplicated cell tracking table by performing at least one of:tracking a frequency of de-duplicated write operations, for eachde-duplicated entry to the de-duplicated cell tracking table,implementing a corresponding time stamp, and for an unusual writepattern, detecting spikes for data ascertained as highly de-duplicableand data ascertained as highly non de-duplicable.
 14. The system ofclaim 11, wherein the processor, pursuant to using the salvage celltracking operation, implements a counter system used to track everyde-duplicated cell write in the SSD device.
 15. A computer programproduct for predicting hardware lifespan by a processor, the computerprogram product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium having computer-readable program code portions stored therein,the computer-readable program code portions comprising: an executableportion that, for a solid state drive (SSD) device configured with datadeduplication mechanisms, performs: obtains trend information bycomparing a write tracking table to a de-duplicated cell tracking tableto determine how many new cells were allocated on the SSD device over aparticular time period; and applies the trend information to at leastone drive constant data to predict the useful remaining lifespan of theSSD drive device.
 16. The computer program product of claim 15, furtherincluding an executable portion that: implements the write trackingtable, the write tracking table tracking a number of write cycles ofevery cell in the SSD device; implements the de-duplicated cell trackingtable, the de-duplicated cell tracking table storing a number of timesde-duplicated data is identified to each specific cell in the SSDdevice; and examines a prediction of the useful remaining lifespan ofthe SSD drive device obtained at a previous time.
 17. The computerprogram product of claim 16, further including an executable portionthat compares the previous prediction of the useful remaining lifespanof the SSD drive device against a current prediction of the SSD drivedevice.
 18. The computer program product of claim 15, further includingan executable portion that predicts additional capacity for wearleveling of the SSD drive device using a salvage cell trackingoperation.
 19. The computer program product of claim 16, furtherincluding an executable portion that implements the write tracking tableby performing at least one of: for each allocated additional cell,increasing a size of the write tracking table, and for each cellincluded in the write tracking table, implementing a corresponding timestamp.
 20. The computer program product of claim 16, further includingan executable portion that implements the de-duplicated cell trackingtable by performing at least one of: tracking a frequency ofde-duplicated write operations, for each de-duplicated entry to thede-duplicated cell tracking table, implementing a corresponding timestamp, and for an unusual write pattern, detecting spikes for dataascertained as highly de-duplicable and data ascertained as highly nonde-duplicable.
 21. The computer program product of claim 18, furtherincluding an executable portion that, pursuant to using the salvage celltracking operation, implements a counter system used to track everyde-duplicated cell write in the SSD device.